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Chapter 28 — Application and Transport Protocols

A complete networking lesson based on the course chapter menu.

20 topicsPractical examplesTroubleshooting checksReview Q&A
Estimated reading time0% read

Chapter 28: Application and Transport Protocols

This chapter follows the topics shown in the Networking chapter menu. Work through each section in order, then use the review questions to check recall and troubleshooting reasoning.

28.1 TCP

TCP is connection-oriented and provides sequencing, acknowledgments, retransmission, flow control, and congestion-control behavior for reliable byte streams.

Example: place TCP in a small office network containing clients, switches, a router, wireless access, DNS/DHCP services, and an internet connection. Identify which device or layer owns the function and what evidence you would inspect to verify it.

What to check

  • Identify which OSI/TCP-IP layer and device type are primarily responsible.
  • Check configuration, interface or service state, counters, logs, and a simple end-to-end test.
  • Verify both normal operation and one realistic failure case so you understand what changes when the feature breaks.
Practice: Practice: explain TCP without reading the definition. Then draw or describe one network where it is used, name one failure symptom, and list the first two checks you would perform.

28.2 UDP

UDP is connectionless and has a small transport header. Applications that use UDP must tolerate or handle loss, ordering, and recovery according to their own needs.

Example: place UDP in a small office network containing clients, switches, a router, wireless access, DNS/DHCP services, and an internet connection. Identify which device or layer owns the function and what evidence you would inspect to verify it.

What to check

  • Identify which OSI/TCP-IP layer and device type are primarily responsible.
  • Check configuration, interface or service state, counters, logs, and a simple end-to-end test.
  • Verify both normal operation and one realistic failure case so you understand what changes when the feature breaks.
Practice: Practice: explain UDP without reading the definition. Then draw or describe one network where it is used, name one failure symptom, and list the first two checks you would perform.

28.3 TCP Three-Way Handshake

TCP is connection-oriented and provides sequencing, acknowledgments, retransmission, flow control, and congestion-control behavior for reliable byte streams.

Example: place TCP Three-Way Handshake in a small office network containing clients, switches, a router, wireless access, DNS/DHCP services, and an internet connection. Identify which device or layer owns the function and what evidence you would inspect to verify it.

What to check

  • Identify which OSI/TCP-IP layer and device type are primarily responsible.
  • Check configuration, interface or service state, counters, logs, and a simple end-to-end test.
  • Verify both normal operation and one realistic failure case so you understand what changes when the feature breaks.
Practice: Practice: explain TCP Three-Way Handshake without reading the definition. Then draw or describe one network where it is used, name one failure symptom, and list the first two checks you would perform.

28.4 TCP Flags

TCP is connection-oriented and provides sequencing, acknowledgments, retransmission, flow control, and congestion-control behavior for reliable byte streams.

Example: place TCP Flags in a small office network containing clients, switches, a router, wireless access, DNS/DHCP services, and an internet connection. Identify which device or layer owns the function and what evidence you would inspect to verify it.

What to check

  • Identify which OSI/TCP-IP layer and device type are primarily responsible.
  • Check configuration, interface or service state, counters, logs, and a simple end-to-end test.
  • Verify both normal operation and one realistic failure case so you understand what changes when the feature breaks.
Practice: Practice: explain TCP Flags without reading the definition. Then draw or describe one network where it is used, name one failure symptom, and list the first two checks you would perform.

28.5 TCP Reliability

TCP is connection-oriented and provides sequencing, acknowledgments, retransmission, flow control, and congestion-control behavior for reliable byte streams.

Example: place TCP Reliability in a small office network containing clients, switches, a router, wireless access, DNS/DHCP services, and an internet connection. Identify which device or layer owns the function and what evidence you would inspect to verify it.

What to check

  • Identify which OSI/TCP-IP layer and device type are primarily responsible.
  • Check configuration, interface or service state, counters, logs, and a simple end-to-end test.
  • Verify both normal operation and one realistic failure case so you understand what changes when the feature breaks.
Practice: Practice: explain TCP Reliability without reading the definition. Then draw or describe one network where it is used, name one failure symptom, and list the first two checks you would perform.

28.6 UDP Characteristics

UDP is connectionless and has a small transport header. Applications that use UDP must tolerate or handle loss, ordering, and recovery according to their own needs.

Example: place UDP Characteristics in a small office network containing clients, switches, a router, wireless access, DNS/DHCP services, and an internet connection. Identify which device or layer owns the function and what evidence you would inspect to verify it.

What to check

  • Identify which OSI/TCP-IP layer and device type are primarily responsible.
  • Check configuration, interface or service state, counters, logs, and a simple end-to-end test.
  • Verify both normal operation and one realistic failure case so you understand what changes when the feature breaks.
Practice: Practice: explain UDP Characteristics without reading the definition. Then draw or describe one network where it is used, name one failure symptom, and list the first two checks you would perform.

28.7 FTP

FTP is one of the core topics in Application and Transport Protocols. Understand what the term represents, where it operates in the network, what information it uses, and what observable behavior confirms that it is working correctly.

Example: place FTP in a small office network containing clients, switches, a router, wireless access, DNS/DHCP services, and an internet connection. Identify which device or layer owns the function and what evidence you would inspect to verify it.

What to check

  • Identify which OSI/TCP-IP layer and device type are primarily responsible.
  • Check configuration, interface or service state, counters, logs, and a simple end-to-end test.
  • Verify both normal operation and one realistic failure case so you understand what changes when the feature breaks.
Practice: Practice: explain FTP without reading the definition. Then draw or describe one network where it is used, name one failure symptom, and list the first two checks you would perform.

28.8 SFTP

SFTP is one of the core topics in Application and Transport Protocols. Understand what the term represents, where it operates in the network, what information it uses, and what observable behavior confirms that it is working correctly.

Example: place SFTP in a small office network containing clients, switches, a router, wireless access, DNS/DHCP services, and an internet connection. Identify which device or layer owns the function and what evidence you would inspect to verify it.

What to check

  • Identify which OSI/TCP-IP layer and device type are primarily responsible.
  • Check configuration, interface or service state, counters, logs, and a simple end-to-end test.
  • Verify both normal operation and one realistic failure case so you understand what changes when the feature breaks.
Practice: Practice: explain SFTP without reading the definition. Then draw or describe one network where it is used, name one failure symptom, and list the first two checks you would perform.

28.9 SSH

SSH provides encrypted remote terminal and related secure services. It is preferred over plaintext remote-access protocols when supported.

Example: place SSH in a small office network containing clients, switches, a router, wireless access, DNS/DHCP services, and an internet connection. Identify which device or layer owns the function and what evidence you would inspect to verify it.

What to check

  • Identify which OSI/TCP-IP layer and device type are primarily responsible.
  • Check configuration, interface or service state, counters, logs, and a simple end-to-end test.
  • Verify both normal operation and one realistic failure case so you understand what changes when the feature breaks.
Practice: Practice: explain SSH without reading the definition. Then draw or describe one network where it is used, name one failure symptom, and list the first two checks you would perform.

28.10 Telnet

Telnet is one of the core topics in Application and Transport Protocols. Understand what the term represents, where it operates in the network, what information it uses, and what observable behavior confirms that it is working correctly.

Example: place Telnet in a small office network containing clients, switches, a router, wireless access, DNS/DHCP services, and an internet connection. Identify which device or layer owns the function and what evidence you would inspect to verify it.

What to check

  • Identify which OSI/TCP-IP layer and device type are primarily responsible.
  • Check configuration, interface or service state, counters, logs, and a simple end-to-end test.
  • Verify both normal operation and one realistic failure case so you understand what changes when the feature breaks.
Practice: Practice: explain Telnet without reading the definition. Then draw or describe one network where it is used, name one failure symptom, and list the first two checks you would perform.

28.11 SMTP

SMTP is one of the core topics in Application and Transport Protocols. Understand what the term represents, where it operates in the network, what information it uses, and what observable behavior confirms that it is working correctly.

Example: place SMTP in a small office network containing clients, switches, a router, wireless access, DNS/DHCP services, and an internet connection. Identify which device or layer owns the function and what evidence you would inspect to verify it.

What to check

  • Identify which OSI/TCP-IP layer and device type are primarily responsible.
  • Check configuration, interface or service state, counters, logs, and a simple end-to-end test.
  • Verify both normal operation and one realistic failure case so you understand what changes when the feature breaks.
Practice: Practice: explain SMTP without reading the definition. Then draw or describe one network where it is used, name one failure symptom, and list the first two checks you would perform.

28.12 TFTP

TFTP is one of the core topics in Application and Transport Protocols. Understand what the term represents, where it operates in the network, what information it uses, and what observable behavior confirms that it is working correctly.

Example: place TFTP in a small office network containing clients, switches, a router, wireless access, DNS/DHCP services, and an internet connection. Identify which device or layer owns the function and what evidence you would inspect to verify it.

What to check

  • Identify which OSI/TCP-IP layer and device type are primarily responsible.
  • Check configuration, interface or service state, counters, logs, and a simple end-to-end test.
  • Verify both normal operation and one realistic failure case so you understand what changes when the feature breaks.
Practice: Practice: explain TFTP without reading the definition. Then draw or describe one network where it is used, name one failure symptom, and list the first two checks you would perform.

28.13 HTTP

HTTP is one of the core topics in Application and Transport Protocols. Understand what the term represents, where it operates in the network, what information it uses, and what observable behavior confirms that it is working correctly.

Example: place HTTP in a small office network containing clients, switches, a router, wireless access, DNS/DHCP services, and an internet connection. Identify which device or layer owns the function and what evidence you would inspect to verify it.

What to check

  • Identify which OSI/TCP-IP layer and device type are primarily responsible.
  • Check configuration, interface or service state, counters, logs, and a simple end-to-end test.
  • Verify both normal operation and one realistic failure case so you understand what changes when the feature breaks.
Practice: Practice: explain HTTP without reading the definition. Then draw or describe one network where it is used, name one failure symptom, and list the first two checks you would perform.

28.14 HTTPS

HTTPS is one of the core topics in Application and Transport Protocols. Understand what the term represents, where it operates in the network, what information it uses, and what observable behavior confirms that it is working correctly.

Example: place HTTPS in a small office network containing clients, switches, a router, wireless access, DNS/DHCP services, and an internet connection. Identify which device or layer owns the function and what evidence you would inspect to verify it.

What to check

  • Identify which OSI/TCP-IP layer and device type are primarily responsible.
  • Check configuration, interface or service state, counters, logs, and a simple end-to-end test.
  • Verify both normal operation and one realistic failure case so you understand what changes when the feature breaks.
Practice: Practice: explain HTTPS without reading the definition. Then draw or describe one network where it is used, name one failure symptom, and list the first two checks you would perform.

28.15 POP3

POP3 is one of the core topics in Application and Transport Protocols. Understand what the term represents, where it operates in the network, what information it uses, and what observable behavior confirms that it is working correctly.

Example: place POP3 in a small office network containing clients, switches, a router, wireless access, DNS/DHCP services, and an internet connection. Identify which device or layer owns the function and what evidence you would inspect to verify it.

What to check

  • Identify which OSI/TCP-IP layer and device type are primarily responsible.
  • Check configuration, interface or service state, counters, logs, and a simple end-to-end test.
  • Verify both normal operation and one realistic failure case so you understand what changes when the feature breaks.
Practice: Practice: explain POP3 without reading the definition. Then draw or describe one network where it is used, name one failure symptom, and list the first two checks you would perform.

28.16 IMAP

IMAP is one of the core topics in Application and Transport Protocols. Understand what the term represents, where it operates in the network, what information it uses, and what observable behavior confirms that it is working correctly.

Example: place IMAP in a small office network containing clients, switches, a router, wireless access, DNS/DHCP services, and an internet connection. Identify which device or layer owns the function and what evidence you would inspect to verify it.

What to check

  • Identify which OSI/TCP-IP layer and device type are primarily responsible.
  • Check configuration, interface or service state, counters, logs, and a simple end-to-end test.
  • Verify both normal operation and one realistic failure case so you understand what changes when the feature breaks.
Practice: Practice: explain IMAP without reading the definition. Then draw or describe one network where it is used, name one failure symptom, and list the first two checks you would perform.

28.17 SMB

SMB is one of the core topics in Application and Transport Protocols. Understand what the term represents, where it operates in the network, what information it uses, and what observable behavior confirms that it is working correctly.

Example: place SMB in a small office network containing clients, switches, a router, wireless access, DNS/DHCP services, and an internet connection. Identify which device or layer owns the function and what evidence you would inspect to verify it.

What to check

  • Identify which OSI/TCP-IP layer and device type are primarily responsible.
  • Check configuration, interface or service state, counters, logs, and a simple end-to-end test.
  • Verify both normal operation and one realistic failure case so you understand what changes when the feature breaks.
Practice: Practice: explain SMB without reading the definition. Then draw or describe one network where it is used, name one failure symptom, and list the first two checks you would perform.

28.18 RDP

RDP is one of the core topics in Application and Transport Protocols. Understand what the term represents, where it operates in the network, what information it uses, and what observable behavior confirms that it is working correctly.

Example: place RDP in a small office network containing clients, switches, a router, wireless access, DNS/DHCP services, and an internet connection. Identify which device or layer owns the function and what evidence you would inspect to verify it.

What to check

  • Identify which OSI/TCP-IP layer and device type are primarily responsible.
  • Check configuration, interface or service state, counters, logs, and a simple end-to-end test.
  • Verify both normal operation and one realistic failure case so you understand what changes when the feature breaks.
Practice: Practice: explain RDP without reading the definition. Then draw or describe one network where it is used, name one failure symptom, and list the first two checks you would perform.

28.19 SIP

SIP is one of the core topics in Application and Transport Protocols. Understand what the term represents, where it operates in the network, what information it uses, and what observable behavior confirms that it is working correctly.

Example: place SIP in a small office network containing clients, switches, a router, wireless access, DNS/DHCP services, and an internet connection. Identify which device or layer owns the function and what evidence you would inspect to verify it.

What to check

  • Identify which OSI/TCP-IP layer and device type are primarily responsible.
  • Check configuration, interface or service state, counters, logs, and a simple end-to-end test.
  • Verify both normal operation and one realistic failure case so you understand what changes when the feature breaks.
Practice: Practice: explain SIP without reading the definition. Then draw or describe one network where it is used, name one failure symptom, and list the first two checks you would perform.

28.20 RTP

RTP is one of the core topics in Application and Transport Protocols. Understand what the term represents, where it operates in the network, what information it uses, and what observable behavior confirms that it is working correctly.

Example: place RTP in a small office network containing clients, switches, a router, wireless access, DNS/DHCP services, and an internet connection. Identify which device or layer owns the function and what evidence you would inspect to verify it.

What to check

  • Identify which OSI/TCP-IP layer and device type are primarily responsible.
  • Check configuration, interface or service state, counters, logs, and a simple end-to-end test.
  • Verify both normal operation and one realistic failure case so you understand what changes when the feature breaks.
Practice: Practice: explain RTP without reading the definition. Then draw or describe one network where it is used, name one failure symptom, and list the first two checks you would perform.

Chapter 28 Review Questions

1. What should you remember about TCP?

Answer: TCP is connection-oriented and provides sequencing, acknowledgments, retransmission, flow control, and congestion-control behavior for reliable byte streams.

2. What should you remember about TCP Three-Way Handshake?

Answer: TCP is connection-oriented and provides sequencing, acknowledgments, retransmission, flow control, and congestion-control behavior for reliable byte streams.

3. What should you remember about TCP Reliability?

Answer: TCP is connection-oriented and provides sequencing, acknowledgments, retransmission, flow control, and congestion-control behavior for reliable byte streams.

4. What should you remember about FTP?

Answer: FTP is one of the core topics in Application and Transport Protocols. Understand what the term represents, where it operates in the network, what information it uses, and what observable behavior confirms that it is working correctly.

5. What should you remember about SSH?

Answer: SSH provides encrypted remote terminal and related secure services. It is preferred over plaintext remote-access protocols when supported.

6. What should you remember about TFTP?

Answer: TFTP is one of the core topics in Application and Transport Protocols. Understand what the term represents, where it operates in the network, what information it uses, and what observable behavior confirms that it is working correctly.

7. What should you remember about HTTPS?

Answer: HTTPS is one of the core topics in Application and Transport Protocols. Understand what the term represents, where it operates in the network, what information it uses, and what observable behavior confirms that it is working correctly.

8. What should you remember about IMAP?

Answer: IMAP is one of the core topics in Application and Transport Protocols. Understand what the term represents, where it operates in the network, what information it uses, and what observable behavior confirms that it is working correctly.

9. What should you remember about RDP?

Answer: RDP is one of the core topics in Application and Transport Protocols. Understand what the term represents, where it operates in the network, what information it uses, and what observable behavior confirms that it is working correctly.

10. What should you remember about RTP?

Answer: RTP is one of the core topics in Application and Transport Protocols. Understand what the term represents, where it operates in the network, what information it uses, and what observable behavior confirms that it is working correctly.